| Women in Leadership: Bibliography and Selected Annotations
What distinguishes this bibliography from the many
others on leadership is its focus on women. In addition, most of the references
are written during the 1990's or in some cases late 1980's, so that the
bibliography takes into consideration changes during this decade. Included
are also various examples of international references, to foster an understanding
of the differences in leadership around the world.
The literature has been categorized according to the
main dimensions of the leadership framework in Leadership for the Common
Good (Bryson & Crosby, 1992)-that is, Leadership in Context, Personal
Leadership, Team Leadership, Organizational Leadership, Political Leadership,
Visionary Leadership and Ethical Leadership. Added to this framework is
the category, International Leadership. Some references apply to two or
more of the dimensions and are therefore listed under more than one. The
annotations included are not selected by any specific criterion.
This bibliography was compiled by: Marie Edenfeldt of
the Reflective Leadership Center and Vinita Jethwani of the Center on
Women and Public Policy at the Humphrey School of Public Affairs.
Leadership in context
Basu, Amrita. The Challenge of Local Feminisms: Women's Movements in
Global Perspective. Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.
Basu provides an overview of the genesis, growth, gains, and dilemmas
of women's movements worldwide. The volume devotes greater attention
to the postcolonial states of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The book
challenges the assumptions that feminism can transcend national differences
and, conversely, that women's movements are shaped and circumscribed
by national levels of development. All the authors reject the notion,
proposed by its detractors and champions alike, that feminism is Western
inspired and of middle class origins. Instead, they seek to locate women's
movements within the terrain from which they emerge.
Berkovitch, Nitza. From Motherhood to Citizenship: The Worldwide Incorporation
of Women into the Public Sphere in the Twentieth Century. Ph.D. thesis,
Stanford University, 1995.
Evans, Sara M. Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America. New York:
The Free Press, 1989.
Forster, Margaret. Significant Sisters: The Grassroots of Active Feminism.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Kloek, Els, Nicole Teeuwen & Marijke Huisman. Women of the Golden
Age: An International Debate on Women in Seventeenth-century Holland,
England and Italy. Hilversum, The Netherlands: Hilversum Verloren, 1994.
Kerr, Joanna. Ours by Right. London, U.K.: Zed Books, 1993.
Merriam, Eve. Growing up Female in America: Ten Lives. Boston, MA: Beacon
Press, 1971.
This book briefly looks at the lives of 10 different women throughout
American history. The text attributed to each life is derived predominantly
from autobiographies. The women are all of different socioeconomic and
racial/cultural backgrounds and their rich stories come from a variety
of viewpoints.
Sterling, Dorothy. Black Foremothers: Three Lives. New York: The Feminist
Press at the City University of New York, 1988.
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Personal leadership
Bertaux, D., ed. Biography and Society: The Life History Approach in
the Social Sciences. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1981.
------ and P. Thompson, eds. Between Generations: Family Models, Myths,
and Memories. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Clair, R. Patric, P. Chapman, and A. Kunkel. "Narrative Approaches
to Raising Consciousness about Sexual Harassment: from Research to Pedagogy
and Back Again," Journal of Applied Communication Research 24 (1996):
241-260.
Duberman, M. Stonewall. New York: Dutton, 1993.
Geiger, S. "Women's Life Histories: Method and Content." Signs:
Journal of Women in Culture and Society 11 (1986): 334-351.
Hart, J. New Voices in the Nation: Women and the Greek Resistance, 1941-1964.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.
Josselson, R. and A. Lieblich, eds. Interpreting Experience. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995.
Langness, L.L. and G. Frank. Lives: An Anthropological Approach to Biography.
Novato, CA: Chandler and Sharp, 1981.
Laslett, B. "Biography as Historical Sociology: The Case of William
Fielding Ogburn," Theory and Society 20 (1991): 511-538.
Lawrence-Lightfoot, S. I've Known Rivers: Lives of Loss and Liberation.
Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing, 1994.
Leydesdorff, S., L. Passerini, and P. Thompson, eds. Gender And Memory.
New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Linde, C. "Private Stories in Public Discourse: Narrative Analysis
in the Social Sciences." Poetics 15 (1996): 183-202.
Marshall, H. "Our Bodies Ourselves: Why We Should Add Old Fashioned
Empirical Phenomenology to the New Theories of the Body," Women's
Studies International Forum 19 (1996): 253-266.
Maynes, M.J. Taking the Hard Road: Life Course in French and German Workers'
Autobiographies in the Era of Industrialization. Chapel Hill: University
of North Carolina Press, 1995.
--------. "Autobiography and Class Formation in Nineteenth Century
Europe: Methodological Considerations," Social Science History 16
(1992): 517-537.
Myerhoff, B. Number Our Days. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.
Passerini, L. Fascism in Popular Memory: the Cultural Experience of The
Turin Working Class. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Passerini, L. "A Memory for Women's History: Problems of Method
and Interpretation." Social Science History 16 (1992): 669-692.
Personal Narratives Group. Interpreting Women's Lives: Feminist Theory
and Personal Narratives. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University
Press, 1989.
Pruitt, I. A Daughter of Han: The Autobiography of a Chinese Working
Woman. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1945.
Sacks, K. Caring by the Hour: Women, Work, and Organizing at Duke Medical
Center. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988.
Shostak, M. Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1981.
Smith, M. F. Baba of Karo: A Woman of the Muslim Hausa. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1981.
Stahl, S. Dolby. Literary Folkloristics and the Personal Narrative. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1989.
Steedman, C. K. Landscape for a Good Woman: A Story of Two Lives. New
Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987.
Swindells, J., ed. Uses of Autobiography. London: Taylor and Francis,
1995.
Tokarczyk, M. and E.A. Fay, eds. Working Class Women In the Academy:
Laborers in the Knowledge Factory. Amherst: University of Massachusetts
Press, 1993.
Watson, L. and M. Watson-Franke. Interpreting Life Histories: An Anthropological
Inquiry. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1985.
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Team leadership
Barreca, Regina. They Used to Call Me Snow White... But I Drifted: Women's
Strategic Use of Humor. New York: Viking Penguin, 1991.
This book is a view of humor and its connection to women. The emphasis
is on the present, with historical references to humor and its use.
This book looks at humor and its propensity to be divided along gender
and power lines. It devotes many pages to the historical reasons women
are not viewed as humorous (especially from the 1950's to the present
day). Barreca does a very thorough job of exposing ways that humor has
historically been used against women as a group.
Jordan, Judith V. Women's Growth in Diversity. New York: The Guilford
Press, 1997. (See annotation in Personal Leadership.)
Riaño, Pilar. Women in Grassroots Communication: Furthering Social
Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1994. (See annotation in
Team Leadership.)
Tannen, Deborah. Talking from 9 to 5, Women and Men in the Workplace:
Language, Sex and Power. New York: Avon Books, 1995.
Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don=t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation.
New York: Ballantine Books, 1990.
Linguist Deborah Tannen explores how women's and men's contrasting
world views and value-orientations often lead to mutual misunderstanding.
Through her own and others= research she found that men's communication
style is rooted in the view that the world is hierarchical, whereas
women see life as consisting of interdependent networks. These different
views have implications for the communication between men and women.
Men have a tendency to see a conversation as a contest for status and
respect. Women see a conversation as a negotiation for closeness, with
consensus and community as goals. The author believes that men and women
can find common ground or at least mutual understanding for better communication.
Trying to understand the opposite (and your own) gender=s communication
style and orientation will be a first step for better communication.
Van Nostrand, Catherine H. Gender-Responsible Leadership: Detecting Bias,
Implementing Interventions. Newsbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.,
1993. (See annotation in Personal Leadership.)
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Organizational leadership
Adler, Nancy J. & Dafna N. Izreali Competitive Frontiers: Women Managers
in a Global Economy. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1994.
With examples from all over the world, this book gives a global perspective
of women's leadership. The book is written by thirty-three women and
two men, describing the situation for women in leadership in twenty-one
different countries. The authors look at the changing nature of the
world's business and its impact on the role of women managers. They
do not just look at women in a leading position within their own countries
but also at women working across national borders. One of many advantages
of this book is that the authors are actually from the countries that
they are writing about and/or have an extensive knowledge about them.
Anderson, Marilynne. "Ahead of the Wave: Valuing Gender Perspective
in Learning Cultures" in Learning Organizations: Developing Cultures
for Tomorrow's Workplace. Portland, OR: Productivity Press, 1995.
Barrentine, Pat (Ed.). When the Canary Stops Singing, Women's Perspective
on Transforming Business. San Francisco, CA: Berett-Kohler Publishers,
1993.
Daniels, Arlene Kaplan. Invisible Careers: Women Civic Leaders from the
Volunteer World. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Davidson, Marilyn J. & Gary L. Cooper. European Women in Business
and Management. London, U.K.: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd., 1993.
Glaser, Connie & Barbara Steinberg. Smalley. Swim with the Dolphins:
How Women can Succeed in Corporate America on Their Own Terms. New York:
Warner Books, Inc., 1995.
Hagberg, Janet. Real Power, Stages of Personal Power in Organizations.
Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Company, 1994.
Helgeson, Sally. The Female Advantage: Women=s Way of Leading. New York:
DoubledayCurrency, 1990.
Attention to process, concern for the broader community, appreciation
of diversity and impatience with hierarchy are values shared by four
women executives interviewed by the author of the book. Sally Helgeson
contrasts these collaborative values with the more competitive attitudes
favored by many male executives. Like other authors, she mentions that
not all women are collaborative nor all men competitive in their leadership
style, but that they could still justifiably be labeled female versus
male. She compares her findings with Henry Mintzberg's research on male
managers in the late 1960's. This gives the book an interesting perspective,
even if there are some difficulties with comparing women leaders of
today with male leaders almost thirty years ago.
Kelly, Rita Mae. The Gendered Economy: Work, Careers and Success. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1991.
Lam, Alice C. L. Women and Japanese Management: Discrimination and Reform.
New York: Routledge, 1992.
In this book, Lam examines how the increasing demand for equal work
opportunities for women has caused Japanese companies to make changes
in their organizational and management practices. She looks at employment
policies from the mid-1970's till the current time and explores to what
extent legislation can bring about more egalitarian treatment of women
in the Japanese labor force. Lam argues that companies must take a more
thoughtful approach to improving conditions for women. She suggests
that they allow for greater flexibility in career planning, adjust promotion
rules so as not to penalize women who take a career break, and change
work rules that govern the primary sector jobs. Finally, Lam suggests
that Japanese women, like their Western counterparts, mobilize to form
grassroots organizations to work on this issue at a political level.
Mansbridge, Jane. Why We Lost the ERA. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1986.
Political scientist Jane Mansbridge investigates why the most recent
campaign to add an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution failed
despite having highly visible national advocate groups and widespread
popular support. Drawing on opinion polls and her own interviews, she
attributes the campaign's failure mainly to the arduous constitutional
amendment process, to federal court decisions, and to the dynamics of
social movement organizations.
Mills, Albert J. & Peta Tancred. Gendering Organizational Analysis.
Newsbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1992.
Morrison, Ann M. The New Leaders: Guidelines on Leadership Diversity
in America. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc., 1992.
Based on research that she conducted at the Center for Creative Leadership,
Ann Morrison discusses the benefits of diversifying top management.
Obtaining and keeping market shares (due to increased ability to respond
effectively to customers), increased productivity (due to increased
employee satisfaction and innovation), better management and increased
fairness and responsible behavior are some of the benefits. The book
talks about the barriers that have prevented women and "people
of color" from advancing through managerial ranks. Finally, Ann
Morrison presents guidelines and a step-by-step process for building
leadership diversity in an organization.
Morrison, Ann M., Randall P. White & Ellen van Velsor. Breaking the
Glass Ceiling: Can Women Reach the Top of America=s Largest Corporations?
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1992.
Odendahl, Teresa and Michael O'Neill. Women & Power in the Nonprofit
Sector. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994.
Rosener, Judy B. AWays Women Lead@ in Harvard Business Review 68(6),
119-125, November/December 1990.
From a survey in 1989, sponsored by the International Women=s Forum,
Judy Rosener found significant differences in the ways women and men
lead. In her article in Harvard Business Review, she discusses women's
way of leading: interactive leadership, which encourages participation,
shares information and power, enhances the self-worth of others and
energizes others. Rosener suggests that her research showed that this
non-traditional leadership style can be effective for organizations
that accept it. Also, expanding the definition of leadership will remove
the glass ceiling for many women.
Rosener, Judy B. America=s Competitive Secret: Utilizing Women as a Management
Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995
Leveraging the talents of professional women will lead to more innovative,
productive and profitable organizations, according to the author of
this book. America's competitive secret is all those professional women
whose potential is waiting to be utilized. She argues that not only
is this under-utilization a women's issue but also an economic issue.
The book discusses the barriers to women in leadership, how differences
in gender create confusion and misunderstanding. The author gives example
of women leaders who made a difference and tells their stories. Even
though Rosener emphasizes that there is no best model of leadership
nor do all women lead in the same way, she argues that women's way of
leading is needed in the flexible, non-hierarchical organizations of
today.
Sekaran, Uma & Frederick T. L. Leong. Womanpower: Managing in Times
of Demographic Turbulence. Newsbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1992.
"Womanpower" describes the rapidly changing demographics
of America's workforce at the end of the 20th century: from 1987 to
1997, women, immigrants and non-whites will make up more than five-sixths
of the net additions to the work force. The purpose of the book is to
suggest proactive strategies to enhance the contributions of everyone
at the workplace. The authors use examples from actual companies and
organizations to demonstrate their suggestions.
Wellington, Sheila W. "Breaking the Glass Ceiling" in Leader
to Leader Fall 1997, 37-42.
Wellington discusses the advancement of women into positions of leadership.
This article addresses the crucial role that men can play in assisting
women's rise to leadership, particularly in the private sector. She
also proposes five steps toward change that organizational leaders can
institute within their companies to ensure that women are given an equal
opportunity to excel.
Van Nostrand, Catherine H. Gender-Responsible Leadership: Detecting Bias,
Implementing Interventions. Newsbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.,
1993. (See annotation in Personal Leadership.)
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Political leadership
Adler, Nancy. "Global Women Political Leaders: An
Invisible History, an Increasingly Important Future" in Leadership
Quarterly 7(1), 133-161, 1996.
Barber, James David & Barbara Kellerman, editors. Women Leaders in
American Politics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986.
Cantor, Dorothy W. & Toni Bernay. Women in Power: The Secrets of
Leadership. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992.
Ferraro, Geraldine A. Changing History: Women, Power and Politics. Wakefield,
RI: Moyer Bell, 1993.
This book is a collection of speeches given by Ferraro between July
1984 and April 1993. Common themes in the speeches include women and
children's rights, choice, education, empowerment, the federal budget,
and opportunity. Ferraro argues that women's voices are key to good
government. She feels that without women in leadership, many issues
(i.e. abortion, childcare, and education) would not receive adequate
attention. She does state, however, that women are just as capable as
men of tackling the more traditionally "male" issues such
as economics, national defense, and the federal budget deficit. She
stresses that women's voices in these issues are crucial.
Karl, Marilee. Women and Empowerment: Participation and Decision Making.
Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books Ltd, 1995.
An outcome of a collaborative process of work of United Nations agencies
and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the book gives a picture
where women stand today across the world. It looks at discrimination
against women and the history of women's participation in both non-governmental
organizations and the electoral politics. Also, it discusses how increased
participation of women can affect the development process and how international
mechanisms can be used to empower women in their work in and around
the United Nations. The book is extensively illustrated and provides
very recent information about women across our world.
Moen, Janet K. AWomen in Leadership: The Norwegian Example@ The Journal
of Leadership Studies. 2(3), 3-19, 1995.
With forty percent women in their parliaments, the Scandinavian countries
can serve as a great example of a future of more women in political
leadership. Moen provides a discussion about the lessons that can be
learned from the Norwegian example. Through interviews with top women
politicians she gives a picture of the political life for women in Norway.
She includes examples of their coping strategies, differences in leadership
styles and issues that have been on the women's political agenda.
Nelson, Barbara J. & Najma Chowdhury. Women and Politics Worldwide.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.
Randall, Vicky. Women and Politics: An International Perspective. Chicago,
IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Stanely, Jeanie and Susan Tolleson-Rinehart. Claytie and the Lady. Austin,
Texas: University of Texas Press, 1994
This is not just an interesting story about a successful woman in political
leadership. It is also a discussion of the effects of gender roles in
the Texas political culture. These two parts help the reader understand
the effects of gender roles in American politics in general. The authors
examine the 1990 gubernatorial election in Texas and how gender roles
affected the outcome of the election. In addition, they discuss how
Ann Richards developed her role as a leader and a feminist. The book
is an interesting example of a woman who was able to become a successful
leader in a male-dominated culture and who was able to change the political
agenda.
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Visionary leadership
Aburdene, Patricia & John Naisbitt. Megatrends for
Women New York: Villard Books, 1992.
After the best-sellers Megatrends and Megatrends 2000, futurists Aburdene
and Naisbitt have here focused on women in the coming years. Drawing
on data on social change, they describe how women are making and will
make a difference as CEOs, political and spiritual leaders and athletes.
The authors= vision about women is positive: fourteen percent women
in a state senate is not discouraging, it is a hundred percent increase
from last year. Even if the reader should be cautious about some of
the numbers that the authors present, the book makes one realize that
the world has and will change and that women have a lot to do with this
change.
Astin, Helen S. & Carole Leland. Women of Influence, Women of Vision:
A Cross-Generational Study of Leaders and Social Change. San Francisco,
CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1991.
Many studies have found that the empowering, vision-oriented and cooperative
models of leadership that U.S. leadership theorists began promoting
in the 1980's most often are carried out by women. Looking mainly at
women in the education sector, Astin and Leland discerned patterns in
three generations of women leaders= personal attributes and skills and
their paths to leadership. The study focused on the instigators who
became leaders in the 1960's and 1970's, but also drew on the experiences
of their predecessors and heirs. The book is not just about women leaders
and the way they lead, it is also about a social movement that has changed
the way people act and think in US society.
Helgeson, Sally. The Female Advantage: Women=s Way of Leading. New York:
DoubledayCurrency, 1990. (See annotations in Organizational Leadership.)
Garner, Leslie H. Leadership in Human Services: How to Articulate and
Implement a Vision to Achieve Results. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
Publishers, 1989.
This book is written for human service practitioners and students of
human services. It helps leaders in human services to articulate and
implement a vision for their organizations.
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Ethical leadership
Belenky, Mary Field, Blythe McVicker Clinchy, Nancy Rule
Goldberger & Jill Mattuck. Tarule. Women's Way of Knowing: The Development
of Self, Voice and Mind. New York: Basic Books, Publishers, 1986.
Buchanan, Constance H. Choosing to Lead: Women and the Crisis of American
Values. Boston, Beacon Press: 1996.
Buchanan's book calls for women to choose to lead -- to define and
redefine their moral agency and to bring their conscious perspective
to the public realm. Buchanan writes that women need to assert their
moral agency in today's political environment while keeping the lessons
of their 19th and early 20th century counterparts in mind. Just as earlier
women reformers made important strides in focusing attention on human
welfare, women today need to claim authority and push to change existing
social priorities. The issue for feminists is not to simply gain equal
access to male power structures, but to break down the separation of
public and private realms and realign work patterns to be compatible
with family and community responsibilities.
Held, Virigina. Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society and
Politics. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Noddings, Nel. Caring, a Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education.
Berkley. CA: University of California Press, 1984.
Nye, Andrea. Philosophy and Feminism: At the Border. New York: Twayne
Publishers, 1995.
Wood, Julia T. Who Cares? Women, Care and Culture. Carbondale, IL: Southern
Illinois University Press, 1994.
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International leadership
Adler, Nancy J. & Dafna N. Izreali. Competitive Frontiers:
Women Managers in a Global Economy. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers,
1994. (See annotation in Organizational Leadership.)
Davidson, Marilyn J. & Gary L. Cooper. European Women in Business
and Management. London, U.K.: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd., 1993.
Innes, Sue. Making it Work: Women, Change and Challenge in the 90's.
London, U.K.: Chatto & Windus, 1995.
Karl, Marilee. Women and Empowerment: Participation and Decision making.
Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books Ltd, 1995. (See annotation in Political
Leadership.)
Johanson, Patricia Lyons. Balancing Acts: Women and the Process of Social
Change. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992. (See annotation in Personal
Leadership.)
Kerr, Joanna. Ours by Right. London, U.K.: Zed Books, 1993.
Kloek, Els, Nicole Teeuwen & Marijke Huisman. Women of the Golden
Age: An International Debate on Women in Seventeenth-century Holland,
England and Italy. Hilversum, The Netherlands: Hilversum Verloren, 1994.
Lam, Alice C. L. Women and Japanese Management: Discrimination and Reform.
New York: Routledge, 1992. (See annotation in Organizational Leadership.)
Liswood, Lisa. "Women World Leaders." Fulcrum Productions,
UK. Distributed by New Dimension Media, Inc., 1996.
This documentary weaves the common threads of fifteen female political
figures: their experiences, values, accomplishments, joys, tragedies,
and mistakes into a forthright and honest look at women in the highest
echelons of power.
Moen, Janet K. AWomen in Leadership: The Norwegian Example@ The Journal
of Leadership Studies. 2(3), 3-19, 1995. (See annotation in Political
Leadership.)
Nelson, Barbara J. & Najma Chowdhury. Women and Politics Worldwide.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.
Randall, Vicky. Women and Politics: An International Perspective. Chicago,
IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Riaño, Pilar. Women in Grassroots Communication: Furthering Social
Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1994. (See annotation in
Team Leadership.)
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