University of Minnesota
HHH
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The Humphrey School of Public Affairs is the University of Minnesota's school of policy and planning.


State and Local Policy Program

Bicycling and Nonmotorized Transportation

Design-Behavior-Safety

Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation (2006).  Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-05-133.  The University Course contains modular resource material that is intended for use in university courses on bicycle and pedestrian transportation. The Student Workbook (this document) contains 24 lessons that span a wide range of topics including an introduction to bicycling and walking issues, planning and designing for bicycle and pedestrian facilities, and supporting elements and programs. Scripted slideshows for all 24 lessons are available to facilitate course development and delivery. An overview lecture and scripted slideshow also is provided when a one- or two-lecture overview is needed for existing undergraduate or graduate courses.

Forester, John (1982). The Effect of Bikelane System Design Upon Cyclists' Traffic Errors. This paper first describes, in the context of present practice, a cyclist behavior recording system suitable for evaluating either individual cyclists for proficiency or a population of cyclists for cycling behavior. It then discusses the results of evaluating the behavior of 4 different cyclist populations in cities with 3 different types of bikeway system, showing that cyclist behavior varies according to the type of bikeway system. Specifically, when comparing the behaviors of populations of cyclists from different cities whose bikeway systems have different design characteristics, each population shows a higher proportion of those traffic errors which the particular system design would be presumed to encourage, even though those errors are known to be significant causes of car-bike collisions.

Forester, John (2001). The Bikeway Transportation Controversy. Transportation Quarterly, 55, 2: 7-17.

Harkey, D.L., D.W. Reinfurt, M. Knuiman, J.R. Stewart and A. Sorton (1998), Development of the Bicycle Compatibility Index:  A Level of Service Concept, Final Report. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Develops a model for deriving a bicycle compatibility index (BCI) that could be used by practitioners to evaluate the capability of specific roadways to accommodate both motorists and bicyclists.

Hunter, W.W., W.E. Pein and J.C. Stutts (1997), Bicycle Crash Types:  A 1990's Informational Guide. Publication No. FHWA-RD-96-104. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

A simple informational guide to the most frequently occurring types of bicycle- and pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes. The guide is based on detailed examinations of the actions preceding the crashes in a sample of 5,000 pedestrian and 3,000 bicycle crashes was taken from California, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, and Utah

Hunter, W.W., J.R. Stewart, J.C. Stutts, H.F. Huang and W.E. Pein (1999). Bicycle Lanes versus Wide Curb Lanes:  Operational and Safety Findings and Countermeasure Recommendations. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Authors present a summary of research done by the FHWA's Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Research Program, providing operational and safety findings and countermeasure recommendations regarding bicycle lanes and wide curb lanes.

Hunter, W.W., J.R. Stewart, J.C. Stutts, H.F. Huang and W.E. Pein (1999).  A Comparative Analysis of Bicycle Lanes Versus Wide Curb Lanes:  Final Report. Publication No. FHWA-RD-99-034. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Comparative analysis of bicycle lanes versus wide curb lanes based on videotapes of 4,600 bicyclists in California, Florida and Texas. Data from surveys were also analyzed to ascertain the characteristics and experience levels of bicyclists using the lanes.

Litman, Todd; Robin Blair, Bill Demopoulos, Nils Eddy, Anne Fritzel, Danelle Laidlaw, Heath Maddox, and Katherine Forster (2006). Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning: A Guide to Best Practices. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, BC, Canada. This guide covers all aspects of pedestrian and bicycle planning. It is intended for policy makers, planners and advocates who want the best current information on ways to make their communities better places for walking and cycling. It provides basic information on various planning and design concepts, and offers extensive references to help implement them. It describes general non-motorized planning practices, how to measure and predict non-motorized travel, how to evaluate and prioritize projects, and how to implement various programs that support non-motorized transportation. It covers planning for paths, sidewalks, bike lanes, street improvements, road and path maintenance, road safety, personal security, universal access (including features to accommodate people with disabilities), non-motorized traffic law enforcement, education and encouragement programs, and integration with a community's strategic plans and various other programs. There are also appendices that provide more detailed information on planning, design and evaluation.

Pucher, John (2001). Cycling Safety on Bikeways vs. Roads. Transportation Quarterly, 55, 4.  Response to Forester's 2001 article in Transportation Quarterly, "The Bikeway Transportation Controversy."

Rodgers, Gregory (1993). Bicycle Study: Bicycle Use and Hazard Patterns. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC.  Consumer Product and Safety Commission evaluation of bicycle use and hazard patterns in the United States.

Sharples, Rosemary (1995). A framework for the evaluation of facilities for cyclists - Part 1. Traffic Engineering and Control: 142-149.

Sharples, Rosemary (1995). A framework for the evaluation of facilities for cyclists - Part 2. Traffic Engineering and Control: 221-223.

U.S. Department of Transportation (1998). Implementing Bicycle Improvements at the Local Level. FHWA-98-105. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. This document provides detailed information on how to implement some of the most useful and popular elements of bicycle improvements at the local level.

U.S. Department of Transportation (2000). "Accommodating Bicycle and Pedestrian Travel: A Recommended Approach". U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.  Recommendations from the U.S. DOT on integrating bicycling and walking into transportation infrastructure.