| Economic Benefits of Bicycling
Argys, L and N. Mocan (2000). Bicycling and Walking in Colorado:
Economic Impact and Household Survey Results. Colorado Department
of Transportation. (http://bicyclecolo.org/site/page.cfm?PageID=64)
- Colorado survey results providing baseline bicycling statistics
for use in the development and improvement of bicyclist and
pedestrian transportation facilities.
Fix, Peter and John Loomis (1997). The economic benefits of mountain
biking at one of its Meccas: an application of the travel cost
method to mountain biking in Moab, Utah. Journal of Leisure Research,
29, 3: 342-352. (http://www.imba.com/resources/science/economic_moab.html)
- This paper estimates the value of a relatively new form of
recreation: mountain biking. Its popularity has resulted in
many documented conflicts, and its value must be estimated so
an informed decision regarding trail allocations can be made.
A travel cost model (TCM) is used to estimate the economic benefits,
measured by consumer surplus, to the users of mountain bike
trails near Moab, Utah. The TCM estimated accounts for several
issues including substitutes and endogenous stratification.
An individual per-trip value and an annual value of a trail
were estimated with the estimates ranging from $197 to $205
and $8,422,800 to $8,770,900, respectively, depending upon the
model specification.
Victoria Transportation Institute (2002). Transportation Cost
and Benefit Analysis: Techniques, Estimates and Implications,
Victoria Transportation Institute, (http://www.vtpi.org/tca/).
- Comprehensive study of transportation cost and benefit research
and guidebook for applying this information in planning and
policy analysis.
Komanoff, Charles, Cora Roelofs, Jon Orcutt and Brian Ketcham
(1991). Environmental Benefits of Bicycling and Walking in the
United States. Transportation Research Record, 1405: 7-12.
Lindsey, Greg, and Knaap, Gerrit (1999). Willingness to Pay for
Urban Greenway Projects. APA Journal, 65, No. 3, Summer: 297-313.
- This article reports the results of an experiment to estimate
the value of an urban greenway and to test the validity of contingent
valuation (CV), and discusses the implications of the results
for greenway planning.
Litman, Todd (1999). Quantifying the Benefits of Non-Motorized
Transport for Achieving TDM Objectives. Victoria Transport Policy
Institute, Victoria, BC, Canada. (http://www.vtpi.org/nmt-tdm.pdf)
- This paper examines the degree to which non-motorized travel
(walking and cycling) help achieve Transportation Demand Management
(TDM) objectives, including congestion reduction, road and parking
facility cost savings, consumer cost savings, and various environmental
and social benefits. The potential of non-motorized travel as
a transportation mode is considered. Potential barriers and
problems associated with increased walking and cycling are examined.
Specific pedestrian and bicycle transportation encouragement
strategies are discussed. This paper updates and expands on
the paper “Quantifying Bicycling Benefits for Achieving
TDM Objectives,” published in Transportation Research Record,
No. 1441 (Nonmotorized Transportation Around the World), 1994,
pp. 134-140.
Maine Department of Transportation (2001). Bicycle Tourism in
Maine: Economic Impacts and Marketing Recommendations. Maine Department
of Transportation, Augusta. (http://www.maine.gov/mdot/opt/pdf/biketourismexecsumm.pdf)
- Study to ascertain the total economic impact of bicycle tourism
in Maine and to make marketing recommendations to increase tourism
in the state.
Moore, R.L., A.R. Graefe and R.J. Gitelson (1994). The economic
impact of rail-trails. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,
12, 2: 63-72.
- Study examining the economic impacts generated by three diverse
rail-trails in Iowa, Florida, and California. Economic impacts
were broken down into users' expenditures on more durable items
related to their ongoing trail use.
Moore, Roger L. and Kelly Bartholomew (1998). The Economic Impacts
and Uses of Long-distance Trails. North Carolina State University,
Raleigh. (http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/12000/12200/12275/12275.pdf)
- Report investigates use patterns and economic impacts of long-distance
trails. The project goals were to review the existing literature
related to the economic impacts of trails and trail use; to
adapt existing research methods for use in documenting the use
patterns and resulting economic impacts of long-distance trails,
and to apply those methods to one of these trails, the Overmountain
Victory National Historic Trail.
National Bicycle and Pedestrian Clearinghouse (1995). The Economic
and Social Benefits of Off-Road Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities.
Technical Assistance Series, No. 2. National Bicycle and Pedestrian
Clearinghouse. (http://www.imba.com/resources/science/econsoc_benefits.html)
- National Bicycle and Pedestrian Clearinghouse technical brief
on the economic and social benefits of off-road facilities.
National Center for Bicycling and Walking (2000). The Economic
Benefits of Bicycle- and Pedestrian-based Tourism, and the Economic
Impacts of Trail Development, National Center for Bicycling and
Walking. (http://www.bikewalk.org/assets/Reports/economic_impact.htm)
- Studies show that where bicycle and pedestrian tourism is
fostered and promoted, and where investments are made in bicycle
and pedestrian facilities, the economic impact may be even greater.
A thriving tourist industry, in turn, can attract and revitalize
businesses, create jobs, and increase public revenue.
Rails to Trails Conservancy (1999). Benefits of Trails and Greenways,
Rails to Trails Conservancy. (http://www.trailsandgreenways.org/TAG_active_pages/TechnicalAssistance/main.asp)
- Fact sheet of benefits of open-space corridors reserved for
conservation and recreation purposes.
Schutt, Alicia M. (1998). Trails for Economic Development: A
Case Study. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 23, 2: 127
- 145.
Sumathi, N.R. and David A. Berard (1997). Mountain biking in
the Chequamegon Area of Northern Wisconsin and Implications for
Regional Development. University of Wisconsin-Extension. (http://www.uwex.edu/ced/cced/publicat/bike.html)
- Study profiles moutain biking user characteristics from the
Chequamegon Area Mountain Biking Association trail system located
in northwestern Wisconsin.
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